[17] Emperor Valerian attended the adoption ceremony which took place in the baths of Byzantium. Roman-Empire.net is the leading web-resource on Rome.The rich history and culture of the Roman Empire has lasting impacts in modern society.This website is dedicated to the education of this fascinating period in time. This time Aurelian was merciless he razed the city to the ground. His suggestion has not been taken up by other academic authorities. With the important exception of Gallienuss wife Salonina, never have we seen an empress so regularly associated with her husband on coin issues, including the Severan dynasty where the Syrian princesses enjoyed considerable political power. In 248, Emperor Philip the Arab had celebrated the millennium of the city of Rome with great and expensive ceremonies and games, and the Empire had given a tremendous proof of self-confidence. The population was evacuated and resettled in two territories detached from Moesia and Thrace, which were called Dacia Ripensis and Dacia Mediterranea. The western provinces, those facing the limes of the Rhine, seceded to form a third, autonomous state within the territories of the Roman Empire, which is now known as the Gallic Empire. But Aurelian, well knowing where much of the trouble had originated from, also had several senators put to death, or had their properties confiscated. Gallienus was a well-meaning emperor, and if we ranked emperors on their . The end seemed inevitable. Apart from the campaign against the Goths we know almost nothing about the reign of Tacitus from written sources. However, the menace of the Germanic people and a Germanic invasion was still perceived by the Romans as likely, therefore Aurelian resolved to build a new system of walls around Rome that became known as the Aurelian Walls. [24], The city of Orlans in France is named after Aurelian. After Aurelians assassination, Severina as sole regent adopted the reverse Concordia Militum as her principal coin type. Historical Map of Europe & the Mediterranean (September 275 - Assassination of Aurelian: Aurelian's victory in Gaul restored unity to the Roman Empire, a feat the Senate acknowledged by granting him the title Restitutor Orbis ("Restorer of the World"). Carus and Numerian fought a victorious campaign against the Persians . In 293, Diocletian and Maximian appointed junior partners to their tetrarchy, and these partners (Galerius and Constantius) became known as _____. Aurelian was Roman emperor from 270 to 275 CE. This was necessary since the barbaric invasions of Italy were more and more common. a. Augusti Teh price of bread in Rome was regulated. [14] Ulpius was reportedly born in the city of Italica, in modern Spain. Born in modest circumstances, near the Danube River, he entered the Roman army in 235 and climbed up the ranks. However, throughout the last quarter of the 3rd century and the first third of the 4th century the western provinces had to content themselves with the poor quality unreformed antoniniani. Two years later, when Claudius died his brother Quintillus seized power with support of the Senate. After the assassination of Probus in 282 by soldiers, Carus became emperor and immediately associated with himself his two sons, Carinus and Numerian. Died at Caenophrurium in Thrace, October/November AD 275. He had not only saved the empire form several serious invasions, but had reunited the imperial territories, re-established Roman authority along the empires northern borders and stood unopposed as emperor of the civilized world. The assassination of this vaunted military general and dictator of Rome was carried out on March 15, 44 BC, a date better known as the Ides of March, when in the midst of a calculated melee he was stabbed 23 times by his own senators. At about the same time, new usurpers rose against him in the empire, the Goths crossed into the Balkans, and Zenobia invaded Asia Minor. With an act typical of the Crisis of the Third Century, the army refused to recognize the new emperor, preferring to support one of its own commanders: Aurelian was proclaimed emperor about May 270[30][31] by the legions in Sirmium. ^A Prince Necessary Rather Than Good _: The ampaigns of Aurelian, AD 270-275. The reference to a military victory by Tacitus before his arrival in Rome and the celebration of his adventus in the capital after his proclamation as emperor, disproves the theory that Tacitus was the old princeps senatus present at Rome when he was elected by his peers, or else a senator who had retired from affairs of state and who was brought back from his countryside retreat and entered Rome as a private citizen. Barbarian invasions, civil wars, declining economy, and breakaway empires were tearing the mighty state apart. ET, July 9, 2022. They bore the mark XXI (or its Greek numeral form KA), which meant that twenty of such coins would contain the same silver quantity of an old silver denarius. For the word puzzle clue of 275 after the assassination of aurelian this body chose tacitus to succeed him this would be the last time this body elected a roman emperor, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results.Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Source: Wikipedia Article Aurelian (Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 - c. October 275) was a Roman emperor, who reigned during the Crisis of the Third Century, from 270 to 275. . [Aurelius Victor, xxxiii,21. The Vandals were only allowed to move back home, after the emperor had asked his troops if they wished to let them do so. Some historical dramas are docudramas, which attempt an accurate portrayal of a historical event or biography, to the degree that the available historical research will allow.Other historical dramas are fictionalized tales that are based on an actual person and their deeds . He was of an Illyrian ethnicity. Aurelian's reputation as a commander of the cavalry. Aurelian (Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 - c. October 275) was Roman emperor from 270 to 275. "Aurelian" by portableantiquities is marked with CC BY-ND 2.0.. Riots ensued, no doubt encouraged by senators who sought to undermine Aurelians authority as much as possible. But, on the main currency issues, the aureliani and the prestigious gold coins, Severina was transformed into the incarnation of Concordia, and in particular the Concordia of the soldiers (Concordia Militum). A career soldier, Aurelian became a senior officer in the central imperial field army by 268, and in 270 he was elevated to the position of emperor. Aurelians nickname was manu ad ferrum (in Latin hand on hilt) since he solved problems with a sword and not with words. Also measures were introduced to reduced embezzlement, extortion and corruption among imperial and provincial administrations. That being said, Aurelian proved to be quite the conqueror in his short rule. The rich province of Egypt was also recovered by Aurelian. Why was the Emperor Septimius Severus not well liked in Italy? Our mission is to educate and fascinate our readers about history, Aurelian drove the barbarian tribes such as Alamanni, Vandals, Sarmatians, and Goths out of the empire. Moreover, the monetary legends Libertas, Liberalitas and Ubertas (Abundance) cover rather vague concepts; these terms appear to be interchangeable on the reverse of coins. Lewis, J. Six emperors came and went before the next strong ruler, Diocletian, came on to the scene. It was a detachment in Britain of troops from Mauretania (North Africa), around 300 people, at the time of emperor Aurelian (3rd century AD). He proceeded to Gaul and defeated the army of Tetricus on the Campi Catalaunii (Chlons-sur-Marne) (AD 274). After cleaning up the West on all fronts, Emperor Aurelian moved his armies east to deal with Persia in the fall of 275. He revised the monetary system of the empire. Aurelian's helmet in the show is based on his appearance from Total War: Rome 2's Empire Divided DLC, where he was shown with ornate golden mask. [19], Aurelian's successes as a cavalry commander ultimately made him a member of Emperor Gallienus' entourage. They were only minor pretenders who didnt last long. Historical Map of Europe & the Mediterranean (summer 271 - Challengers of Aurelian: The Juthungi defeat of Aurelian at Placentia created panic in Rome which, combined with Aurelian's attempts to curb corruption, led to large scale riots. He rebuilt the walls around Rome. With the assassination of Odaenathus, Zenobia became the regent of Palmyra on behalf of her son Vaballathus. However, during the siege the Emperor was assassinated. The end result was that the Empire could not endure the blow of the capture of Emperor Valerian in 260 by the Sassanids. The line of leaders who followed Gallienus, the Soldier Emperors, ended with the assassination of _____ Aurelian. In just five years, Aurelian saved the Roman Empire from collapse, earning himself the title Restitutor Orbis (in Latin Restorer of the World). The new emperor immediately ordered the Senate to deify Gallienus. [11] However, he was probably associated with Gallienus's cavalry army and shone as an officer of that elite unit because, when he finally emerged in a historically reliable context in the early part of the reign of Claudius II, he seems to have been its commander. He was of humble origin, but nothing definite is known of his family. Had the Romans earlier paid these barbarians subsidies to prevent them from attacking, then now Aurelian forced them to agree a treaty on his terms, without any subsidies. He reorganized a new province of Dacia south of the Danube, inside the former Moesia, called Dacia Aureliana, with Serdica as the capital.[38]. He spoke not; but stood gazing at the dark entrance into the temple, from which the sound had come. Aurelian, by then at the Danube campaigning against the Carpi, immediately moved back to Syria and captured the city. [29], When Claudius died, his brother Quintillus seized power with support of the Senate. Lets have a closer look at how did Aurelian achieve this amazing feat! The ensuing battle was indecisive: the northward advance of the Goths was halted but Roman losses were heavy. 279288, Pat Southern 2001, p. 109. In early 269, emperor Claudius and Aurelian marched north to meet the Alamanni, defeating them at the Battle of Lake Benacus. Finally, it was not the mint of Rome but the Balkan and eastern mints that included on their gold coins the letters S(enatus) C(onsulto), which are too often interpreted as denoting the revival of the right of the Senate to issue coins. Following the assassination of Aurelian, his successors did not need to lead campaigns against the Sasanians, but both Tacitus, then Florian and finally Probus even before his accession, all had to fight the bands of Goths who had crossed Asia Minor from Pontus in the north-west as far as Cilicia. The Brucheion (Royal Quarter) in Alexandria was burned to the ground. However, the Roman Empire was crumbling. The city of New Orleans (in French, La Nouvelle-Orlans, in Latin, Nova Aurelianum), in Louisiana, United States is named after the commune of Orlans, and therefore by extension, Aurelian.[54]. Pseudo-Victor and John Xiphilinus place his birthplace in an area between Dacia Ripensis and Macedonia (overlapping with Dacia Mediterranea). The bed of the Tiber was cleared and its banks were repaired. $22. But the legions were no match for the barbarians this time and Aurelian suffered a severe defeat (AD 271). Abe is carried . Aurelian was probably murdered in September or October 275. He marched through Asia Minor (Turkey) unchallenged. In the summer of AD 275 he set out towards Asia, gathering an army as he continued eastwards. Aurelian, now sole emperor, took to dealing with the most pressing military threat, the Juthungi (Jutes). When led by a competent commander, the Roman army was still a deadly war machine! It is clear that the Empress as regent was exercising alone power and right to coin. Most of all that of the moneyers (coin makers) and their supporters who were holding out on the Caelian Hill. [34] In the following years, however, the Empire had to face a huge pressure from external enemies, while, at the same time, dangerous civil wars threatened the empire from within, with usurpers weakening the strength of the state. For this, he received the title Germanicus Maximus. Historian Franco Cavazzi dedicated hundreds of hours of his life to creating this website, roman-empire.net as a trove of educational material on this fascinating period of history. There is some evidence that Aurelian's wife, Ulpia Severina, who had been declared Augusta in 274, ruled the empire in her own right for some time after his death, although this is just speculative. Amongst the other Latin sources, Eutropius is silent on this point. He went on to lead the cavalry of the emperor Gallienus, until Gallienus' assassination in . Meanwhile, a devastating plague swept through the Balkans, killing many soldiers in both armies. Many details about Aurelian's early life come from the Historia Augusta and are considered unreliable. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Ten more years of political and military strife followed the assassination of _____ by his own troops. He then marched to Raetia, where the Vindelici tribe had been overrun by barbarians (generally believed to be the Alemanni, but possibly the newly-arrived Longiones). The title Pacator Orbis given to Tacitus (CIL VIII, 10072) refers to imperial victories: Tacitus is reusing a title which had previously been held by Aurelian and which appeared on the reverse of coins from Trier and Lyon. Lactantius argued that Aurelian would have outlawed all the other gods if he had had enough time. The record of Aurelianus is well known . This rapid evolution of the portrait shows that at Rome the die-engravers had never seen Tacitus before his proclamation and his arrival in the city, in contrast to what is claimed by the Historia Augusta. Aurelian r/Sol holding globe between captives. [47], His monetary reformation included the introduction of antoniniani containing 5% silver. [6] It is also generally assumed that, as a member of the lowest rank of society albeit a citizen[b] he would have enlisted in the ranks of the legions. assassination definition: 1. the murder of someone famous or important: 2. the murder of someone famous or important: . A secretary of his (called Eros by Zosimus) had told a lie on a minor issue. Coin: rare Antoninianus from Emperor Tacitus, struck Rome between December 275 - June 276 AD. Since his assassination by the Praetorian Guard at the age of eighteen, Elagabalus has been an object of fascination to historians and a source of inspiration for artists and . . By contrast, a spectacular correction to the portrait occurs in the 3rd issue from Rome and the 2nd from Ticinum: it is certainly the same person who is shown, now mostly wearing a cuirass or shown in heroic nudity, but the effigy is heavier and the features are thicker. Meaning of aurelian. They were actually Mauri, a Latin name unrela. Aurelian was clearly a contender for the vacant throne after the assassination, but Claudius Gothicus was the preferred choice. Aurelian, Emperor of Rome. Here is our list of the most famous assassinations in history. [25] The war against Aureolus and the concentration of forces in Italy allowed the Alamanni to break through the Rhaetian limes along the upper Danube. $17.50. First, Aurelian secured the frontier on the Danube River: Second, Aurelian ordered the capital of Rome to be protected by huge walls the famous Aurelian Walls were built between 271 and 275 AD. Unlike the Italian mints whose first issues showed a juvenile and out of date image of Tacitus, the coins of Lyon have from the first series the true and definitive portrait of Aurelians successor. [27], Claudius could not afford another pitched battle, so he instead laid a successful ambush, killing thousands. The Syrian queen cut off Rome's shipments of grain, and in a matter of weeks, the Romans started running low on bread. [25], During the reign of Claudius, Aurelian was promoted rapidly: he was given command of the elite Dalmatian cavalry and soon promoted to overall head of the army after the emperor and what had been Emperor Claudius' own position before his acclamation. Aurelian restored the Empire's eastern provinces after his conquest of the Palmyrene Empire in 273. Alas Aurelian could put his mind to governing his empire, rather than simply fighting for it. However the six or seven months of interregnum mentioned by Latin sources result from a confusion between a real period when there was a power vacuum and the brief reigns of Tacitus and of Florian quasi quidam interreges inter Aurelianum et Probum (HA, Tac. The Roman infantry, the famous legionaries, were still by far the best infantry on the planet. On hearing of Aurelians marching towards them at the head of an army, the barbarians immediately began to withdraw. The forth and final phase of the ancient world is known as _____ Late Antiquity. These products had been distributed sporadically before. Any detail and opinion about the murderers, their reasons, the acale of the conspiracy etc ? However, Aurelian was aware that essentially the troubles within the capital had been sparked off by the fear of invasion, Aurelian took to building a wall around his unprotected capital in AD 271 the Aurelian Wall. but he died in 270 AD and was succeeded by Aurelian. [53][24] Sources hint at an interregnum between Aurelian's death and the election of Marcus Claudius Tacitus as his successor. The notarius Mucapor and other high-ranking officers of the Praetorian Guard, fearing punishment from the emperor, murdered him in late September or early October 275, in Caenophrurium, Thrace.[52]. Claudius' brother, Quintillus ruled the . He did not take part in a campaign against the Persians, as recorded in the Historia Augusta, but in an expedition against the Pontic Goths who, the Greek sources indicate, had invaded Asia Minor. Following that, Claudius Gothicus became emperor until his own death in 270. [12], The existence of Ulpius Crinitus has been doubted by many historians. Zenobia minted coins bearing the images of Aurelian as emperor and Vaballathus . Aurelian was an Illyrian like several other emperors of the late 3rd century (Illyrian Emperors) all of whom shared a common military background. In Rome, where Severina had ceded power to Tacitus, important issues mark the arrival of the new emperor. The centre of the cult was a new temple, built in 274 and dedicated on December 25[42] of that year in the Campus Agrippae in Rome, with great decorations financed by the spoils of the Palmyrene Empire. Soon after another victory at Emesa brought about the capitulation of Palmyra (AD 272). He would go on to lead the cavalry of the emperor Gallienus, until Gallienus' assassination in 268. During his short rule, Aurelian seemed to follow the principle of "one faith, one empire", which would not be made official until the Edict of Thessalonica. Tetricus was made governor of Lucania, his son was made senator and Zenobia was moved to Tibur (Tivoli) and was married to a wealthy Roman senator. Having conquered the town, he did not allow his troops to sack it, making it clear to any territories that their return to the empire would go without retribution. About Aurelian, Roman Emperor. Aurelius Victor recycles information that he found in the now lost Kaisergeschichte: an interregnum of six months took place after the death of Aurelian during which the Senate and the army sought a successor. The additional revenue from the recovered provinces, together with thorough reforms, was used to put the empires treasury back on a sound footing. After the death of Aurelian, the officinae are no longer shared between Aurelian and Severina: at Lyon, there is a 5th issue attested by coins in the name of Severina only, and the same applies to the 12th issue at Rome where the empress monopolizes the six active quipes, and the 5th issue at Ticinum, where all six officinae struck coins just for Severina. The following year he conquered the Gallic Empire in the west, reuniting the Empire in its entirety. Saunders suggests that his career is more easily understood if it is assumed that his family was of Roman settler origins with a tradition of military service and that he enlisted as an equestrian. Tacituss accession of power is thereby shown in a totally different light. Aurelian strengthened the position of the Sun god Sol Invictus as the main divinity of the Roman pantheon. The Historia Augusta alludes to the suppression of a revolt in Lyon itself. Oriens Avg. Quintillus 270 Assassination or suicide Aurelian 270-75 Assassination Tacitus 275-76 Possible assassination Florianus 276 Assassination Probus 276-82 Assassination Carus 282-83 Assassination Numerian 283-84 Possible assassination Carinus 283-85 Killed in battle Document Questions 1. Late in 270, Aurelian campaigned in northern Italia against the Vandals, Juthungi, and Sarmatians, expelling them from Roman territory. Coins were widely distributed In the Roman Empire. Nothing Less than Tacitus and Florian Not for the first time in Rome's history, a group of plotters But this hard-headed military emperor still had great things in mind, in particular the re-conquest of Mesopotamia from the Persians. The transfer of the mint from Lyon to Arles seems to have been planned - if not realized - as shown by the change of mint-mark from L(ugduni) to A(relate) in the exergue on the reverse of the coins. The emperor then set his sights on Persia only to be assassinated by some of his staff in September 275. The losses here seem not so much due to any rise in power of the local Alemanni tribe, but Roman internal division. The Roman army proved yet again to the entire world it was still a formidable force. In an inscription from Tarragona (AE 1930, 150), she combines the qualities of mater castrorum et senatus et patriae (mother of the camps and of the Senate and of the homeland), that is that she receives titles normally reserved for emperors. The fall of Tyana lent itself to a legend: Aurelian to that point had destroyed every city that resisted him, but he spared Tyana after having a vision of the great 1st-century philosopher Apollonius of Tyana, whom he respected greatly, in a dream. Also, the economic substrate of the state, agriculture and commerce, suffered from the disruption caused by the instability. The legend SecuritasPR that we find on very rare coins of the 1st issue of Ticinum has been without doubt incorrectly developed as Securitas P(opuli) R(omani): it is an engravers error on a few dies, as the other incorrect spelling SecuritPerP, for the very common Securit Perp type. So that leaves me asking what the Roman Empire would've looked like if Aurelian . He pushed traditional Roman religion hard as Christianitt was rising. After a brief clash with the Persians and another in Egypt against the usurper Firmus, Aurelian was obliged to return to Palmyra in 273 when that city rebelled once more. Fronto hastily approached him, and whispering but one word as it were into his ear, the Emperor started; the spell . The Emperor struggled to introduce the new "good" coin by recalling all the old "bad" coins before their introduction. Aurelian is succeeded by Tacitus, who finished the wars of his predecessor but was killed in a battle against the Franks. In fact, it displays on the reverse a standard design of restitutio orbis showing the emperor in military dress raising the kneeling personification of Oikoumene (the inhabited world). Les Classics. In the beginning, Aurelian had been recognized as Emperor, while Vaballathus, the son of Zenobia, held the title of rex and imperator ("king" and "supreme military commander"), but Aurelian decided to invade the eastern provinces as soon as he felt his army to be strong enough. His assassins were junior officers: only the name of their chief, a certain Mucapor, is known to us; the most detailed sources tell of a plot involving tribunes or praetorians. TIEPOLO GIAMBATTISTA Venecia. Introduction This paper examines the allegation that the Roman emperor Aurelian, who reigned from AD 270-75, was a potential persecutor of the Christians . Claudius II Gothicus instead appointed him Master of the Horse and perhaps the most powerful military figure in the empire.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'roman_empire_net-medrectangle-4','ezslot_4',106,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-roman_empire_net-medrectangle-4-0'); When Claudius II died in AD 270, the throne controversially passed onto Quintillus, the late emperors brother. This section of the city once contained the Library of Alexandria, although the extent of the surviving Library in Aurelian's time is uncertain. Although Domitian, two centuries earlier, was the first emperor who had demanded to be officially hailed as dominus et deus ("master and god"), these titles never occurred in written form on official documents until the reign of Aurelian. Called to the purple, Tacitus concluded the military operations on the borders of Germania and Raetia and travelled to Lyon where he issued the gold donative to celebrate his victory, his accession and his adventus in that city, and he then travelled to Rome to receive recognition from the Senate. At the time of Aurelians death, the Roman Empire was back United and shining in all of its glory. Aurelian, sensing his enemies' desperation, attacked them with the full force of his cavalry, killing many and driving the remainder westward into Thrace. Aurelian adopted a military career, and by his skill, courage, and bodily strength he ultimately became one of the Empire's greatest generals of the 3rd . Apparently emperor Claudius ignored advice, perhaps from Aurelian, and withheld the cavalry and sent in only the infantry to stop their break-out. In a magnificent triumph, Zenobia, Tetricus, a Gothic king, and many captives and wild beasts were advanced before his chariot in a procession that lasted until nightfall. The Historia Augusta develops this theme with several varying accounts of almost no historical accuracy. More from This Artist Similar Designs. Aurelian defeated Quintillus' troops, and was recognized as emperor by the Senate after Quintillus' death. Aurelian (Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 c. October 275) was a Roman emperor, who reigned during the Crisis of the Third Century, from 270 to 275. Was: $174.99. A car carrying the body of former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe arrives at . Two-thirds of the walls are still standing today. Neither do the Greek sources mention the interregnum, nor the fact that Tacitus belonged to the senatorial class, nor the revival of the Senates traditional role in choosing a prince. But in October or November at Caenophrurium, a small Thracian town between Perinthus and Byzantium, he discovered that his private secretary, a certain Eros, had lied to him on a minor matter. From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia . If Aurelian "did suppress this food distribution system, he most likely intended to put into effect a more radical reform." In the aftermath of the assassination, three prominent political figures staked claims to lead Haiti, a turbulent Caribbean nation of 11 million people and one of the poorest countries in the world. However, just as the empire needed them most, a series of competent emperors rose to the occasion and saved it. The epithets P(ia) F(elix) that Severina bore when she assumed sole regency suggest the same: they are normally reserved for the emperor and we never see them in the titles of empresses except for Julia Domna, Salonina and Severina. The 6th-century chronicler John Malalas wrote that he died at the age of 61,[5] hence he was born in 214. This time there was no clemency shown. When a group of Goths invaded Illyria and Thrace, Ulpius had fallen ill, so he ordered Aurelian to deal with the invaders. He was briefly distracted by an attack by the Goths, who besieged Anchialus and Nicopolis. Had Aurelian hardly had any time to spare ever since his accession to the throne, then his reign was now troubled by usurpers. That right, which since the start of the Empire was purely theoretical, was limited to bronze, and to bronze issued at Rome. However, he decided to abandon the province of Dacia, on the exposed north bank of the Danube, as too difficult and expensive to defend. The mint of Rome was closed temporarily, and the institution of several other mints caused the main mint of the empire to lose its hegemony. In order to cover more ground and so reap more plunder they split up their huge army into several smaller forces. Someone famous or important: suppress this food distribution system, he the! Or October 275 ) was Roman emperor from 270 to 275 important issues mark the arrival of state. By other academic authorities Aurelian defeated Quintillus ' death provincial administrations Gaul and defeated army. This food distribution system, he most likely intended to put into effect a more radical reform. deal Persia... During the siege the emperor Septimius Severus not well liked in Italy was... Emperor Gallienus, until Gallienus & # x27 ; assassination in 268 ) ( AD )... And John Xiphilinus place his birthplace in an area between Dacia Ripensis and Dacia Mediterranea ) 5... Being said, Aurelian 's early life come from the Historia Augusta develops theme. 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